Autocad Tutorial Drawing Slab on Grade Plan Examples

Appendices

Calculations to check whether a proposed site will support a building

If there is doubt whether the soil at a proposed site will support a building (see page 18) it may be necessary to estimate both the weight of the planned building and the weight-bearing capacity of the soil. This section contains step-by-step directions and tables for both these estimates.

IMPORTANT NOTE: The weight of a planned building cannot be estimated until the builders have decided:

• its size and shape;

• what its walls will be made of and how thick they will be;

• what kind of roof it will have.

CALCULATING A BUILDING'S WEIGHT PER SQUARE METER

Several calculations must be made to estimate a building's weight per square meter. For the purposes of estimation, figure that:

Equation 1.

Weight per square meter = [ weight of longest wall (kg) + weight of roof supported by longest wall (kg) ] / length of longest wall (m)

To find the weight per square meter, therefore, the planner first needs to determine each of the three items on the right side of Equation 1. Follow these steps:

STEP 1. Enter the planned length of the longest wall in Equation 1:

Equation 1.

STEP 2. Calculate the weight of the longest wall.

Equation 1.

(a) Use the following equation to determine the weight of the longest wall:

Equation 2

(b) Use Table A to find the weight per sq. meter for every centimeter of wall thickness of the material with which the building's walls will be built.

Table A
wall material	kg/sq. meter per centimeter wall thickness
concrete block	90
stabilized earth	125
sand-cement block	75
adobe	125
stone/rock	150

(c) Multiply the number you find in Table A by the thickness of the building's walls. The result will

be the weight of 1 sq. meter of wall; enter it in the correct place in Equation 2:

Equation 2

(d) Next, multiply the length of the longest wall in meters by its height. The answer will be the number of sq. meters in the wall. Enter this figure in the correct place in Equation

Equation 2

(e) Compute the weight of the longest wall based on the figures you have entered in Equation 2 in steps 2(c) and 2(d).

STEP 3. Estimate the weight of the roof supported by the longest wall.

Equation 1

(a) Use the following equation to estimate the weight of the roof supported by the longest wall:

Equation3

(b) Use Table 8 to find the estimated weight of the roof per sq. meter. If you are in doubt about the roof-style planned, use the figure on the table for flat roofs. Enter the figure you find in Table B in Equation 3:

Table B
Roof style	Roof load per sq. m
pitched	170 kg
flat	190 kg

Equation 3

Weight of roof supported by longest wall = weight of roof per sq. meter � number of sq. meters in roof

(c) Next, multiply the length of the roof by its width. If the roof has not been planned yet, assume that it will be 1 meter longer and 1 meter wider than the building. The answer will be the number of square meters in the roof. Enter this figure in the correct place in Equation 3:

Equation 3

(d) Compute the weight of roof supported by the longest wall using the figures you have entered in Equation 3 in steps 3(b) and 3(c).

STEP 4. Enter the figures you calculated in steps 1, ate), and 3(c) in Equation 1, and calculate the weight of the building per square meter:

Equation 1

STEP 5. Finally, compare the building's weight per square meter with the weight - bearing capacity of the soil at the site indicated in Table C.

Table C
Type of soil	Weight-bearing capacity (kg/sq.m)
Soft, black, drained marsh, or "fill"	4,900 - 10,000
Gravel, sand	29,400
Hard - packed clay	58,800
Rock	156,000

Weight per square meter

SAMPLE CALCULATION OF A BUILDING'S WEIGHT PER SQUARE METER

Here is a step-by-step sample of how the weight of a building would be estimated, following the procedure outlined on pages 202-205.

Assume that the building pictured above is planned to be 7.5 meters long and 2.4 meters high along its longest wall; assume also that the walls will be made of 20cm thick sand-cement blocks, and that the roof will be 8.7 meters long and 3 meters wide, with a pitched design. If the site selected for the building is soft, dark soil that can support 4,900 kg/sq. meter, can the building be constructed as planned?

Here are the calculations:

Equation 1

Weight per square meter = [ weight of longest wall (kg) + weight of roof supported by longest wall (kg) ] / length of longest wall

STEP 1. Enter the length of the longest wall in Equation 1:

Equation 1

STEP 2. Calculate the weight of the longest wall.

(a) Use Equation 2:

(b) Use Table A, page 203, to find the wall's weight per square meter for every centimeter of wall thickness.

The building's walls will be made of sand-cement blocks which Table A says weigh 75 kg/aq. meter for every centimeter of wall thickness.

(c) Multiply the figure you find in Table A by the thickness of the building's walls. The result will be the weight of 1 square meter of wall. Enter this answer in the correct place in Equation 2.

The sand-cement blocks that will be used will be 20cm thick. So a wall made of these blocks will weigh 75 kg/sq. meter x 20cm thick = 1500 kg/square meter.

Entering this answer in Equation 2:

(d) Multiply the length of the longest wall in meters by its height and enter the result in the correct place in Equation 2.

The longest wall of the building will be 7.5 meters long and 2.4 meters high. 7.5 x 2.4 = 18 square meters.

Entering this answer in Equation 2:

(e) Compute the weight of the longest wall based on the figures you have entered in Equation 2 in steps 2(c) and 2(d).

1500 kg/sq. meter x 18 sq. meters = 27,000 kg. Entering this result in Equation 1:

STEP 3. Estimate the weight of the roof supported by the longest wall.

(a) Use Equation 3:

Equation 3

(b) Use Table B. page 204, to find the estimated weight of the roof per square meter. Enter this figure in the correct place in Equation 3.

The roof is planned with a pitched roof that Table B says will weigh about 170 kg/sq. meter.

Entering this answer in Equation 3:

(c) Multiply the length of the roof by its height to find the number of square meters of roof space planned. Enter this figure In the correct place in Equation 3.

The roof is planned to be 3 meters wide and 8.7 meters long. am x 8.7m = 26.1 square meters.

Entering this answer in Equation 3:

(d) Compute the weight of roof supported by the longest wall using the figures you have entered in Equation 3 in steps 3(b) and 3(c).

170 kg/sq. meter x 26.1 sq. meters = 4,437 kg. Entering this result in Equation 1:

STEP 4. Calculate the weight of the building per square meter, using the figures you calculated in steps 1, 2(e), and 3(c) and Equation 1.

The building will weigh approximately 4,191 kg/sq. meter.

STEP 5. Compare the building's estimated weight/square meter with the weight-bearing capacity of the soil at the site. Use Table C, page 205.

According to Table C, the weight-bearing capacity of the soft, dark soil at this site is 4,900 kg/sq. meter. Since this building will weigh only 4,191 kg/sq. meter, the building can be built safely at this site.

To determine whether the soil at any proposed site will support a planned building, all the builder needs to do is substitute the figures for his/her building and site in the step-by-step equations on pages 202-205, as shown.

Step-by-step directions for drawing foundation plans

Two kinds of drawings are important aids to help the field worker and community members visualize their foundation plans and check their progress during construction:

• a cross-section view of the footing and foundation wall; and

• a view from above of the footing and foundation wall measurements.

When a community group is ready to begin construction of the foundation, it's a good idea to help them build a small demonstration section of footing and foundation wall that they can use along with these drawings to check their progress. The demonstration section will help everyone see what they have planned to do; at the same time, it will give them practice in the construction techniques and skills they must use on the actual foundation.

DRAWING A CROSS-SECTION VIEW OF THE FOUNDATION

Drawing a cross-section view of the foundation is simple. Here are examples of a cross-section for a rock foundation and for a block foundation wall. Both drawings show concrete footings as well:

Rock foundation wall

DRAWING FOOTING AND FOUNDATION MEASUREMENTS (VIEW FROM ABOVE)

Drawing the foundation measurements as they would look from above is also simple.

Here are step-by-step instructions for drawing the foundation measurements of a sample building:

1. Draw a solid line representing the outside dimensions of the walls of the building, This line will also represent the outside dimensions of the foundation wall.

Outside wall

2. Draw a second solid line inside the first one to represent the inside dimensions of the building's walls. This line will also represent the inside dimensions of the foundation wall. The space between the two lines should be exactly the width of the planned walls to scale.

The space between the two lines

3. Subtract the width of the wall from the planned width of the foundation footing. Divide the remainder in two and convert the answer into the scale dimension being used in the drawing. This figure represents the distance between the inner side of the wall and the inner side of the foundation footing.

4. Draw a dotted line inside the drawing of the walls. This line represents the inner dimension of the footing. The space between it and the inside solid line (step #2) should be exactly the distance calculated in step #3.

Inside edge of footing

5. Draw a dotted line outside the drawing of the walls. This line represents the outer dimension of the footing. The space between it and the outside solid line (step #1) should be exactly the distance calculated in step #3.

With of footing

6. On either side of the drawing's length, add a solid line exactly as long as the longest wall (that is, the longest outer solid line).

7. On either side of the drawing's width, add a solid line exactly as long as the longest wall (that is, the longest outer solid line).

Length and weight

8. Place a mark along each line from steps #6-7 wherever the outer wall turns a corner. Indicate the actual length of each straight section of wall.

Place a mark along each line

9. Outside the lines drawn in steps #6-7, draw two more solid lines exactly as long as the length and width of the outer dotted line. Mark these lines to indicate the actual length of each straight section of foundation footing.

10. Underneath the completed drawing, write down what the footing and foundation wall will be made of and their cross-section dimensions.

11. The completed drawing is an actual scale drawing showing the trenches that must be dug for the footing and the dimensions of the foundation walls.

Complet foundation plans

Estimating the amount of concrete needed for a floor

To estimate the amount of concrete needed for a floor, use the following equation and table:

Equation

Table. SUGGESTED THICKNESS OF CONCRETE FLOORS

Purpose of Floor	Thickness (m)
School, Clinic, House	.100
Garage (for vehicles)	.125
Farm storage (heavy equipment)	.150

STEP 1. Find the thickness of the concrete layer that should be used for your building in the table, Enter this figure in the Equation:

STEP 2, Multiply the length of your building by its width to find out what floor space it will have. Enter this figure in the Equation:

STEP 2. Multiply the length of your building by its width to find out what floor space it will have. Enter this figure in the Equation:

Cubic meters of concrete needed for floor = thickness of concrete layer (m) x floor area (sq. meters)

Figure

In cases where the building will not be a simple rectangle, the total floor area can be determined by multiplying the length and width of each separate room and then adding the areas of all rooms together.

Sample Calculation:

Floor area Room 1	= 2m x 2.0m	= 4.0 sq. m
Floor area Room 2	= 1m x 1.5m	= 1.5 sq. m
Floor area Room 3	= 1m x 1.0m	= 1.0 sq. m
Total Floor Area		= 6.5 sq. m

In round buildings, the floor area will be the radius of the building squared times 3.14. The radius is the distance from the outside of a circle to its center.

Sample Calculation:

Floor Area	= Radius (2m) x Radius (2m) x 3.14
	= 4 sq. meters x 3.14
	= 12.56 sq. meters

Calculation area

STEP 3. Enter the answers you found in steps 1 and 2 in the Equation and multiply them. The answer will represent the number of cubic meters of concrete that must be purchased or made for the floor.

Sample Calculation (using figures for round clinic shown above)

Cubic meters of concrete needed for floor	= thickness of concrete layer (m) � floor area (sq. meters )
	= .10m x 12.56 sq. meters
	= 1.256 cubic meters

Estimating materials needed to build walls

This section gives step-by-step directions for calculating the materials needed to build three types of wall: poured concrete, rammed earth, and brick/block.

POURED CONCRETE AND RAMMED EARTH

To determine how much poured concrete or rammed earth he/she needs, the builder must calculate how many cubic meters of material it will take to "fill" the wall space.

Use the following equation:

Equation .

Cubic meters of material needed for one wall = thickness of wall (meters) � wall area (sq. meters)

Poured concrete / rammed earth form

STEP 1. Decide how thick the wall will be (see page 34 for a discussion of what to consider when planning wall thickness}. Enter this figure in the correct part of the equation.

STEP 2. Calculate the wall area in square meters by multiplying the wall's length by its width.

STEP 3. Multiply the answers you found in steps 1 and 2. The result will be the cubic meters of concrete or rammed earth you will need to build that one wall.

STEP 4. Repeat steps 1 through 3 for each wall of the building.

STEP 5. Add the cubic meters of concrete or rammed earth needed for all the walls of the building. The result will be the total number of cubic meters of concrete or rammed earth you will need for the building.

Calculating Bags of Cement Needed for a Concrete Wall

Builders who plan to purchase the cement for their concrete need to know how many sacks or bags of cement to buy. Once you have determined how many cubic meters of concrete you will need, finding the number of bags of cement is easy: just look the answer up in Table 3, in Appendix 4 (page 222). To use the table, first, find the concrete mixture you plan to use. In the case of walls, the mixture would be 1:2 3/4 :4 The table will then tell you how many cubic meters of concrete you will get from one sack of cement. Divide the number of cubic meters of concrete you plan to use by the amount you would get from one sack. The answer will be the number of sacks of cement you need to purchase.

Calculating Wheelbarrowsful of Rammed Earth or Concrete Needed

Many builders want to know how many wheelbarrows full of concrete or rammed earth they must bring to the construction site for wall construction: this information gives them an idea of how much work will be involved.

The number of wheelbarrowsful needed can be estimated by following these steps:

• Build a form exactly 1 cubic meter in size and count how many wheelbarrowsful of rammed earth or concrete it takes to fill the form.

• Multiply this number by the total cubic meters of material that are needed for construction (from Step 5, page 216). Your answer will tell you how many wheelbarrowsful are needed.

BLOCK AND BRICK WALLS

To estimate the number of blocks or bricks needed to build a wall, follow these steps:

STEP 1. Calculate the wall area in square meters by multiplying the wall's length by its width.

STEP 2. Note down the nominal size of the block face. The nominal face of a block is the height and length of the block surface visible in the wall after the block is laid.

Block and brick walls

STEP 3. Use the table below to find how many blocks or bricks of the size you plan to use are needed to build 1 square meter of wall surface.

APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF BLOCKS OR BRICKS REQUIRED TO BUILLD 1 SQUARE METER WALL SURFACE

Nominal Size of Face (cm)	Number of Blocks or Bricks Needed
7,5 x 20	65
10.0 x 30	32,5
13.25 x 30	25
15,0 x 30	22
20,0 x 30	16,5
15,0 x 40	16,5
20.0 x 40	12,5
15,0 x 60	11

STEP 4. Multiply the number you found in the table by the number of square meters of wall surface you found in step 1, The result will be the approximative number of blocks or bricks needed to build the wall,

Sample Calculation:

How many blocks would it take to build a wall with 17 square meters surface area using blocks with a nominal face 15cm x 30cm?

The table shows that 22 15cm x 30cm blocks are needed to build 1 square meter of wall area.

17 sq. meters x 22 blocks/sq. meter = 374 blocks

STEP 5. Repeat steps 1 through 4 for each wall of the building and add the results. The total will represent the number of blocks or bricks you must buy or make for the walls.

Note: Any estimate of the number of blocks/bricks needed for a building's walls arrived at through this method will include extra blocks, since the space taken by window and door openings is treated as though it were filled in with blocks. Generally it is a good idea to buy or make these extra blocks. This will give you a margin of error for wasted or broken blocks.

Calculating Mortar Quantities

The amount of mortar needed to bond the blocks/bricks for a building depends on the number of blocks/bricks and their size. To calculate the amount of mortar needed for lam thick mortar joints, follow these steps:

• Divide the number of blocks needed for the building by 100, For example, if the building requires 1,536 blocks, 1536 . 100 = 15.36.

• Use the table below to find the cubic meters of mortar needed to lay 100 blocks. For example, if the nominal size of the blocks used will be 10cm x 20cm x 40cm, .073 cubic meters of mortar would be needed to lay every 100 blocks.

• Multiply the answers found in the above steps. For example, if 1,536 blocks of nominal size 10cm x 20cm x 40cm are needed for a building's walls, multiply 15.36 x .073. 15.36 x .073 = 1.12 cubic meters of mortar. Table 7 in Appendix 5 (page 224) may be used to determine how much cement, lime, and sand you will need to make the mortar required for any building.

QUANTITIES OF MORTAR REQUIRED TO LAY 100 BLOCKS/BRICKS (Mortar for Joints 1cm Thick Including 25% Allowance for Waste)

Nominal Size of Blocks/Bricks (cm)	Cubic Meters of Mortar
10 x 13,25 x 30	.053
15 x 13,25 x 30	.053
20 x 13,25 x 30	.067
10 x 15 x 30	.065
15 x 15 x 30	.065
20 x 15 x 30	.070
10 x 20 x 30	.061
15 x 20 x 30	.061
20 x 20 x 30	.076
10 x 20 x 40	.073
15 x 20 x 40	.073
20 x 20 x 40	.092
25 x 20 x 40	.092
30 x 20 x 40	.092
15 x 15 x 60	.092
20 x 15 x 60	.115
25 x 15 x 60	.115
30 x 15 x 60	.115

Reference tables for concrete construction

TABLE 1

Recommended	Thickness of Concrete Slabs (cm)
Basement floors for dwellings	10
Porch floors	10-12.5
Stock barn floors	12.5-15
Poultry house floors	10
Hog house floors	10
Milk house floors	10
Granary floors	12.5
Implement shed floors	15
Tile floor bases	6.25

TABLE 2

Quantities of Materials Required to Build One Cubic Meter of Concrete (for Aggregates 2.5 Centimeters or Less)

Mixtures	Barrels of Cement	Cubic Meters of Sand	Cubic Meters of Stone
1:1:1�	3.56	.40	.60
1:1:2	3.23	.36	.73
1:1:2�	2.90	.33	.81
1:1:3	2.64	.30	.89
1:1�:2	3.04	.43	.68
1:1�:3	2.44	.42	.84
1:13/4:2	2.75	.54	.62
1:1 3/4:2�	2.64	.51	.67
1: 1 3/4:2 3/4	2.44	.47	.80
1:2:3	2.24	.50	.77
1:2:3�	2.07	.48	.83
1:2:4	1.95	.44	.88
1:2:5	1.73	.39	•97
1 :2�:2�	2.32	.59	.65
1 :2�:3	2.18	.55	.74
1 :2�:4	1.91	.48	.86
1:2�:5	1.68	.42	.94
1:2�:3	2.11	.59	.71
1 :2�:3�	1.98	.56	.78
1:2�:4	1.82	.51	.82
1:2�:4�	1.82	.48	.87
1:2�:5	1.62	.46	.91
1:2 3/4 ;4	1.74	.54	.79
1:3:4	1.66	.56	.75
1:3:5	1.49	.51	.84
1:3:6	1.36	.46	.92

TABLE 3

Volume of Concrete Construction per Sack of Cement (for Aggregates Not Larger than 2.5

Centimeters)

Concrete Mixtures	Cubic Meters of Concrete Per Sack of Cement	Concrete Mixtures	Cubic Meters of Concrete Per Sack of Cement
1:1:1�	.07	1:2�:2�	.10
1:1:2	.08	1:2�:3	.12
1:1:2�	.09	1:2�:4	.13
1:1:3	.10	1:2�:5	.15
1:1�:2	.08	1:2�:3	.12
1:1�:3	.10	1:2�:3�	.13
1:1 3/4:2�	.10	1:2�:4	.14
1:1 �:2�	.10	1:2�:4�	.15
1:1 3/4:2 3/4	.10	1:2�:5a	.15
1:2:3	.11	1:2:3/4:4	.14
1:2:3�	.12	1:3:4	.14
1:2:4	.13	1:3:5	.17
1:2:5	.14	1:3:6	.18

TABLE 4

Suitable Mixtures for Various Concrete Construction Projects

	Concrete Mixture
Floors
. One Course	1:1 3/4:4
. Heavy Duty, One Course	1:1:2
. Farm Buildings	1:2�:3
Foundation Walls and Footings	1:2 3/4:4
Basement Walls	1:2�:4
Tanks	1:2:3
Fence Posts	1:1:1�
Retaining Walls	1:2:3�
Barnyard Pavements	1:3:5
Lintels	1:2:4
Beam Filling	1:3:4
Silo Pits	1:2�:3
Steps	1:2�:3

TABLE 5

Approximate Number of Bricks Required to Build 10 Square Meters of Exterior Wall Surface

(Mortar joints 1.25cm thick)

Wall Thickness (cm)	(Nominal) Size of Brick (cm)
	6.5 x 10 x 20	7.5 x 10 x 20	10 x 10 x 20	5.6 x 9.4 x 20
10	730	650	485	665
20	1455	1300	970	1330
30	2075	1950	1455	1995
40	2910	2600	1940	2660

TABLE 6

Mortar Required to Lay 1000 Bricks With 1.25cm Mortar Joints (10% Allowance for Waste Included)

NOMINAL SIZE OF BRICK: 10cm x 6.5cm x 20cm 10cm x 7.5cm x 20cm 10cm x 10cm x 20m

WALL THICKNESS

10cm*	.32 cu. meters	.33 cu. meters	.36 cu. meters
20cm	.42 cu. meters	.44 cu. meters	.50 cu. meters
30cm**	.45 cu. meters	.47 cu. meters	.55 cu. meters

* Figures for 10cm thick walls include mortar for bed and end Joints only.

** Figures for 20cm and 30cm thick walls include bed and end joint mortar plus mortar for the vertical joints needed in double brick walls.

TABLE 7

Materials Required To Make 0,10 Cubic Meters of Mortar

Mortar Mixtures By Volume 1 part cement	50kg Sacks of Cement	25kg Sacks of Hydrated Lime or Clay Mortar	Cubic Meters of Sand
� part clay mortar	9.79	4.11	0.75
3 parts sand
1 part cement
� part hydrated lime	7.93	1.33	0.64
3 parts sand
1 part cement
1 part hydrated lime	4.23	2.89	0.69
6 parts sand
1 part masonry cement	8.73		0.68
3 parts sand

Metric measurements used in this manual and their U.S. equivalents

LENGTH

1 meter (m) = 39.37 inches = 3.28 feet = 1.31 yards

1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 meters = 0.3937 inches

1 foot = 0.3048 meters

1 yard = 0.9144 meters

1 inch = 2.54 centimeters

AREA

1 square meter = 10.76 square feet

(sq. m)

1 square foot = 0.3048 sg. Meters = 929 sq. centimeters

VOLUME

1 cubic meter = 1.308 cubic yards

(cu. m)

1 cubic yard = 0.7646 cu. meters

WEIGHT

1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2046 pounds

1 pound = 0.4536 kilograms

Sources of further information

NOTE: Wherever possible, the address through which copies of the following sources may be obtained has been listed. Several manuals are unpublished material that may only be found in Peace Corps files. Questions about these materials should be sent to:

Peace Corps

Information Collection & Exchange

806 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20525

USA

BAMBOO:

1. McClure, F.A., Bamboo as a Building Material. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Foreign Agriculture Service, 1970. Write to:

Dept. of Housing and Urban Affairs

Division of International Affairs

Washington, D.C. 20410 USA

2. United Nations Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs. The Use of Bamboo and Reeds in Building Construction. Publication ST/SOA/113. Refer to sales # E.72.IV.3 and write to:

United Nations Sales Section

New York, New York USA

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION AND REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS:

3. Brann, Donald R. Concrete Work Simplified, Revised Edition, Directions Simplified, Inc., 1971. Write to:

Directions Simplified, Inc.

Easi-Build Pattern Co., Inc.

529 North State Road

Briarcliff Manor, New York 10510 USA

4. Dalzell, James Ralph and Gilbert Townsend. Concrete Block Construction for Home and Farm. American Technical Society, Chicago, 1957. Write to:

American Technical Society

5608 Stony Island Avenue

Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA

5. Davies, John Duncan. Structural Concrete. MacMillan and Co., New York, 1964. Write to:

MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.

Riverside, New Jersey 08075 USA

6. Gibson, J. Herbert. Concrete Design and Construction. American Technical Society, Chicago, 1951. Write to same address as #4 on page 226.

7. Putnam, Robert. Concrete Block Construction, 3rd Edition. American Technical Society, Chicago, 1973. Write to same address as #4 on page 226.

8. Randall, Frank A. Jr. and William C. Panarese. Concrete Masonry Handbook. Portland Cement Association, 1976. Write to:

Portland Cement Association

Old Orchard Road

Skokie, Illinois 60076 USA

9. Waddell, Joseph J. Concrete Construction Handbook, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Co., New York, 1974. Write to:

McGraw Hill Book Co.

1221 Avenue of the Americas

New York, New York 10036 USA

10. Winter, George. Design of Concrete Structures, 8th Edition. McGraw Hill Co., New York 1972. Write to same address as #9 above.

FOUNDATIONS AND FOUNDATION DESIGNS:

11. Brann, Donald R. Forms, Footings, Foundations, Framing. Directions Simplified, Inc., 1974. Write to same address as #3, page 226.

12. Carson, Arthur Brinton. Foundation Construction. McGraw Hill Co., New York, 1965. Write to same address as #9 above.

13. Chellis, Robert Dunning. Pile Foundations, 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill Co., New York, 1961. Write to same address as #9 above.

14. Ulrey, Harry R. Carpenters and Builders Library: Layouts, Foundations, Framing. Theodore Audel & Co., Indiannapolis, 1974. Write to:

Bobb-Merrill Co. Inc.

4300 West 62nd Street

Indiannapolis, Indiana 46268 USA

BLOCK AND BRICK CONSTRUCTION {MASONRY):

15. Boudreau, Eugene H. Making the Adobe Brick. Fifth-Street Press, New York, 1971. Write to:

Bookworks

Random House, Inc.

457 Hahn Road

Westminster, Maryland 21157 USA

16. Busch, Lawrence. Construction With Pressed Earth Block (Togo). Peace Corps: write to address on top of page 226.

17. Dalzell, J. Ralph. Simplified Masonry Planning and Building. McGraw Hill, New York, 1953. Write to same address as #9 above.

18. Dixon, Michael. Field Manual for Production of Bricks in a Rural Area (Pakistan). Peace Corps: write to address on top of page 226.

19. Frankly, Lee. The Masonry House: Step-by-Step Construction in Tile and Brick. Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, New York, 1950. No address available.

20. Ray, J. Edgar. Revised by Harold V. Johnson. The Art of Bricklaying. Charles A. Bennett Co., 1971. Write to:

Charles A. Bennett Co., Inc.

809 West Detweiller Drive

Peoria, Illinois 61614 USA

21. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Building With Adobe and Stabilized Earth Blocks. Dept. of Agriculture Leaflet No. 2535. Write to U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Independence Avenue, Washington, D.C. N.W. USA

WOOD-FRAME CONSTRUCTION:

22. Anderson, Leroy Oscar. How to Build a Wood-Frame House. Dover Press, 1973. (Reissue of the revised 1970 Edition of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Handbook No. 73, originally pulbished by Government Printing Office under the title of Wood-Frame House Construction.) Write to same address as #21 above, or to:

Dover Publications, Inc.

180 Varick Streeet

New York, New York 10014 USA

23. Anderson, Leroy Oscar. Low-Cost Wood Homes for Rural America: Construction Manual. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Handbook No. 364. Write to same address as #21 above.

24. Blackburn, Graham. Illustrated Housebuilding. Overlook Press, 1974. Write to:

Overlook Press

c/o Viking Press

625 Madison Avenue

New York, New York 10022 USA

25. Brann, Donald R. How to Build an Addition. Directions Simplified, Inc., 1975. Write to same address as #3, page 226.

LATRINES:

26. Karlin, Barry. Thailand's Water-Seal Privy Program: A Procedural and Technical Review. U.S.O.M., Korat, Thailand. Write to the Peace Corps at the address on top of page 226, or to the author at:

American Public Health Association

1015 18th Street, N.W.

Washington, D.C. USA

27. Wagner, Edmund G. and J.N. Lanoix. Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Small Communities. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1958. Write to:

Q Corporation

49 Sheridan Avenue

Albany New York, 12210

ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SELF-HELP CONSTRUCTION GROUPS:

28. Peace Corps (Jamaica). Manual for Supervising Self-Help Home Construction with Stablilized Earth Blocks. Write to address on top of page 226.

29. Warner, Jack R. Handbook of Construction: Peace Corps Training Manual. Longmans Green and Co., London. Write to address on top of page 226.

ESTIMATING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND COSTS:.

30. Cooper, F. Building Construction Estimating. McGraw Hill Co., 1959. Write to same address as #9 on page 227.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION

31. Alcock, A.E.S. and Richards. How to Build: Setting Out. Longmans Co., London, 1960. Write to:

Longmans, Inc.

19 West 44th Street

Suite 1012

New York, New York 10036 USA

32. East Pakistan (Bangladesh) Public Works. Building Design Manual. Dacca, 1965. Write to address on top of page 226.

33. Fullerton, Richard L. Building Construction in Warm Climates, Volumes 1 and 2. Oxford Tropical Handbooks, Oxford University Press, London, 1967. Write to:

Oxford University Press, Inc.

200 Madison Avenue

New York, New York 10016 USA

34. Intermediate Technology Group. Intermediate Technology Series: Manual on Building Construction. Parnell House, London. Write to:

Intermediate Technology Group

Parnell House

London, ENGLAND

35. Peace Corps (Togo). Construction Handbook: In-Country Training. Peace Corps, 1974. Write to address on top of page 226.

36. Ulrey, Harry F. Carpenters and Builders Library: Tools, Steel Square, Joinery. Theodore Audel & Co., Indiannapolis, 1974. Write to same address as #14, page 227.

37. U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Office of International Affairs. Como Fabricar Una Casa Usanda. Tecnica Ayuda Propia. Government Printing Office, 1974. Write to same address as #1, page 226, or to:

U.S. Government Printing Office

North Capitol Street, N.W.

Washington, D.C. USA

''Human measuring pieces'' for designing room size and floor plan

Human measuring pieces
Human measuring pieces - continue 1
Human measuring pieces - continue 2
Planning pieces

taylorsubsting.blogspot.com

Source: http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11----0-1-&cl=CL1.16&d=HASH0120e3be1fcef504939676c2.9.2>=1

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